March 1, 2021 Journal article Open Access

Longacre, Drew

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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.25592/uhhfdm.9156</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Longacre, Drew</creatorName>
      <affiliation>Qumran Institute, University of Groningen</affiliation>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>Comparative Hellenistic and Roman Manuscript Studies (CHRoMS): Script Interactions and Hebrew/Aramaic Writing Culture</title>
  </titles>
  <publisher>Universität Hamburg</publisher>
  <publicationYear>2021</publicationYear>
  <subjects>
    <subject>Manuscript studies</subject>
    <subject>Palaeography</subject>
    <subject>Hebrew</subject>
  </subjects>
  <dates>
    <date dateType="Issued">2021-03-01</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Text">Journal article</resourceType>
  <alternateIdentifiers>
    <alternateIdentifier alternateIdentifierType="url">https://www.fdr.uni-hamburg.de/record/9156</alternateIdentifier>
  </alternateIdentifiers>
  <relatedIdentifiers>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsPartOf">10.25592/uhhfdm.8897</relatedIdentifier>
  </relatedIdentifiers>
  <version>Online First</version>
  <rightsList>
    <rights rightsURI="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</rights>
    <rights rightsURI="info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess">Open Access</rights>
  </rightsList>
  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">&lt;p&gt;Writing is an expression of culture and is subject to intercultural influences. In this&amp;nbsp;comparative study, I argue that Egyptian and Judean Hebrew/Aramaic scripts from&amp;nbsp;400 BCE&amp;ndash;400 CE were heavily influenced by Greek and later Latin writing cultures,&amp;nbsp;which explains many previously inexplicable phenomena. Jewish writers in the third&amp;nbsp;century BCE adopted the Greek split-nibbed reed pen, which dramatically changed&amp;nbsp;the appearance of Hebrew/Aramaic scripts. At the same time, the normal size for Hebrew/&amp;nbsp;Aramaic scripts shrank considerably, the pen strokes became mostly monotone&amp;nbsp;and unshaded, and the scripts became more rectilinear, angular, bilinear, and square.&lt;br&gt;
Each of these features appears to be due to direct imitation of contemporary Greek&amp;nbsp;formal writing. Beginning in the first century BCE, Hebrew/Aramaic writers began to&amp;nbsp;decorate their formal scripts with separate ornamental strokes like those of contemporary&amp;nbsp;Greek and Latin calligraphic scripts. And from the second or third century CE,&lt;br&gt;
Hebrew/Aramaic calligraphic scripts seem to be increasingly characterized by horizontal&amp;nbsp;shading, parallel to the contemporary rise of Greek and Latin shaded scripts.&amp;nbsp;Furthermore, in the late Roman period, the traditional Hieratic-derived Aramaic numeral&amp;nbsp;system was replaced by an alphabetic numeral system under the influence of&amp;nbsp;the Greek Milesian alphabetic numerals.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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