March 1, 2021 Journal article Open Access

Longacre, Drew

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    <subfield code="a">&lt;p&gt;Writing is an expression of culture and is subject to intercultural influences. In this&amp;nbsp;comparative study, I argue that Egyptian and Judean Hebrew/Aramaic scripts from&amp;nbsp;400 BCE&amp;ndash;400 CE were heavily influenced by Greek and later Latin writing cultures,&amp;nbsp;which explains many previously inexplicable phenomena. Jewish writers in the third&amp;nbsp;century BCE adopted the Greek split-nibbed reed pen, which dramatically changed&amp;nbsp;the appearance of Hebrew/Aramaic scripts. At the same time, the normal size for Hebrew/&amp;nbsp;Aramaic scripts shrank considerably, the pen strokes became mostly monotone&amp;nbsp;and unshaded, and the scripts became more rectilinear, angular, bilinear, and square.&lt;br&gt;
Each of these features appears to be due to direct imitation of contemporary Greek&amp;nbsp;formal writing. Beginning in the first century BCE, Hebrew/Aramaic writers began to&amp;nbsp;decorate their formal scripts with separate ornamental strokes like those of contemporary&amp;nbsp;Greek and Latin calligraphic scripts. And from the second or third century CE,&lt;br&gt;
Hebrew/Aramaic calligraphic scripts seem to be increasingly characterized by horizontal&amp;nbsp;shading, parallel to the contemporary rise of Greek and Latin shaded scripts.&amp;nbsp;Furthermore, in the late Roman period, the traditional Hieratic-derived Aramaic numeral&amp;nbsp;system was replaced by an alphabetic numeral system under the influence of&amp;nbsp;the Greek Milesian alphabetic numerals.&lt;/p&gt;</subfield>
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